Intervention | Method | Primary outcome | Risk reduction ratio | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Lifestyle interventions | Medical nutrition therapy | All-cause mortality, CVD mortality events, stroke | 7–32% | |
Weight reduction | Cardiometabolic diseases, cardiac diastolic function | 0.84–2.45times | ||
Increased physical activity | ||||
Including different types of physical activity (dynamic aerobic exercise (126/248 trials), dynamic resistance exercise (25/248 trials), and combined aerobic and resistance exercise (58/248 trials)) | All-cause mortality: median 6Â months: | 15 fewer per 1.000 (22 fewer to 6 fewer); | [135] | |
Cardiovascular mortality: median 12Â months | 24 fewer per 1.000 (35 fewer to 11 fewer); | |||
Myocardial Infarction: median 12Â months | 8 fewer per 1.000 (16 fewer to 3 more); | |||
Stroke: median 3.6Â months: | 2 fewer per 1.000 (10 fewer to 9 more) | |||
 | Including different types of physical activity (total physical activity, leisure-time physical activity, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, and walking) | Total CVD incidence | A high compared with low level of physical activity was associated with a 16% | [136] |
Coronary heart disease incidence | A high compared with low level of physical activity was associated with a 16% | |||
Cerebrovascular events | A high compared with low level of physical activity was associated with a 26% | |||
heart failure incidence | A high compared with low level of physical activity was associated with a 24% | |||
Pharmacological prevention | Glycemic management | Macrovascular event (coronary heart disease, heart failure, stroke, and peripheral arterial disease) | 0%-39% | |
macrovascular events (Myocardial Infarction, Congestive Heart Failure, stroke, angina, and revascularization) | 8–48% | [148] | ||
Metformin | Heart Failure | 18% | [154] | |
GLP-1RAs | Stroke, MACE, all-cause and cardi138ovascular mortality | 12–72% | ||
SGLT-2 inhibitors | All-cause and cardiovascular mortality, serious heart failure events | 16–40% | ||
Combined medication | ||||
Dual therapy(metformin + DPP-4i/sulfonylurea/SGLT2i/GLP-1-RA/basal insulin) | MACE | 36–79% | [167] | |
Triple therapy ( metformin + DPP-4i + sulfonylurea/SGLT2i + GLP-1-RA/GLP-1-RA 1 basal insulin) | 38–83% | |||
Lipid management | ||||
Statins | Nonfatal myocardial infarction | 43% | [177] | |
IPE/EPA | ASCVD | 4.8–23.3% | ||
Blood pressure management | MACE, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular death | 13–34% (Each 1-SD) SBP | ||
Thrombosis treatment ( Antiplatelet drugs (Aspirin/P2Y12 receptor antagonists/Other antithrombotic approaches) with or without anticoagulant drugs (rivaroxaban)) | all-cause death, stroke, myocardial infarction, MACE | 8.7–39% |