Study | Cell line/model | Dosage/duration | Outcome | Mechanism of action |
---|---|---|---|---|
Study 1 | Breast cancer (MCF-7) | KJA: IC50 68 μg/mL | Apoptosis, cytotoxicity, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic | Activation of caspases, mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, inhibition of invasion and migration |
Study 2 | Colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116) | KA: IC5018.88 µg/ml | Apoptosis, cytotoxicity | Activation of caspases, DNA fragmentation, nuclear condensation |
Study 3 | Colorectal carcinoma (HCT 116) | Potassium koetjapate: higher solubility and cytotoxicity, LD50 > 2000 mg/kg in rats | Apoptosis, enhanced cytotoxicity, safety for oral administration | Activation of caspases, mitochondrial membrane disruption, enhanced solubility |