Fig. 2

Koetjapic acid molecular mechanism in curbing carcinogenesis. KA promotes the signalling through the cell’s apoptotic pathways in cancer cells by promoting the activity of BAX, BAK, and Caspase 3. It also inhibits the VEGF signalling pathway and targets angiogenesis. KA koetjapic acid, PIP3 phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, PKB protein kinase B, PKC protein kinase C, SMAD suppressor of mothers against decapentaplegic, TGF transforming growth factor, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factors