Table 1 Baseline characteristics of patients grouped by gender
N | Unmatched cohort | Matched cohort | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female (N = 10,380) | Male (N = 14,087) | P | Female (N = 9064) | Male (N = 9064) | P | |
Age (years) | 70.2 [58.0;81.3] | 66.5 [55.6;77.1] |  < 0.001 | 68.8 [56.8;80.1] | 68.0 [57.1;78.7] | 0.010 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 27.5 [23.2;33.2] | 27.6 [24.2;31.8] | 0.622 | 27.4 [23.2;33.0] | 27.6 [24.0;31.8] | 0.327 |
Ethnicity, n% |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.897 |
 White | 6963 (67.1%) | 9581 (68.0%) |  | 6100 (67.7%) | 6067 (67.3%) |  |
 Asian | 256 (2.47%) | 355 (2.52%) |  | 227 (2.52%) | 240 (2.66%) |  |
 Black | 1062 (10.2%) | 934 (6.63%) |  | 802 (8.90%) | 799 (8.87%) |  |
 Other | 2099 (20.2%) | 3217 (22.8%) |  | 1883 (20.9%) | 1906 (21.1%) |  |
Admission type, n% |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  | 0.389 |
 Emergency | 1359 (13.1%) | 2298 (16.3%) |  | 7740 (85.9%) | 7726 (85.7%) |  |
 Non-emergency | 9017 (86.9%) | 11,787 (83.7%) |  | 1272 (14.1%) | 1286 (14.3%) |  |
Infection sources, n% | ||||||
 Lung | 4449 (42.9%) | 5558 (39.5%) |  < 0.001 | 3842 (42.6%) | 3789 (42.0%) | 0.433 |
 Intestinal | 1698 (16.4%) | 1922 (13.6%) |  < 0.001 | 1415 (15.7%) | 1422 (15.8%) | 0.902 |
 Urinary system | 2855 (27.5%) | 1880 (13.3%) |  < 0.001 | 1880 (20.9%) | 1755 (19.5%) | 0.021 |
 Catheter related | 741 (7.14%) | 1195 (8.48%) |  < 0.001 | 668 (7.41%) | 673 (7.47%) | 0.902 |
 Skin and soft tissue | 527 (5.08%) | 668 (4.74%) | 0.241 | 456 (5.06%) | 451 (5.00%) | 0.892 |
Microorganisms, n% | ||||||
 Gram-Negative | 2825 (27.2%) | 2998 (21.3%) |  < 0.001 | 2196 (24.4%) | 2166 (24.0%) | 0.614 |
 Gram-Positive | 3279 (31.6%) | 4322 (30.7%) | 0.133 | 2800 (31.1%) | 2799 (31.1%) | 1.000 |
 Fungi | 2104 (20.3%) | 2107 (15.0%) |  < 0.001 | 1661 (18.4%) | 1627 (18.1%) | 0.524 |
 Virus | 124 (1.19%) | 117 (0.83%) | 0.005 | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.00 [0.00;0.00] | 0.431 |
Comorbidities, n% | ||||||
 Hypertension | 4655 (44.8%) | 6131 (43.5%) | 0.041 | 3974 (44.1%) | 3938 (43.7%) | 0.599 |
 Coronary atherosclerosis | 2329 (22.4%) | 4990 (35.4%) |  < 0.001 | 2254 (25.0%) | 2262 (25.1%) | 0.904 |
 Chronic heart failure | 3043 (29.3%) | 3821 (27.1%) |  < 0.001 | 2541 (28.2%) | 2500 (27.7%) | 0.507 |
 Chronic liver disease | 854 (8.23%) | 1567 (11.1%) |  < 0.001 | 805 (8.93%) | 812 (9.01%) | 0.876 |
 Diabetes | 2925 (28.2%) | 4180 (29.7%) | 0.011 | 2540 (28.2%) | 2530 (28.1%) | 0.881 |
 Chronic kidney disease | 1728 (16.6%) | 2745 (19.5%) |  < 0.001 | 1540 (17.1%) | 1588 (17.6%) | 0.355 |
 Peripheral vascular disease | 1102 (10.6%) | 1795 (12.7%) |  < 0.001 | 1010 (11.2%) | 1066 (11.8%) | 0.199 |
 Cerebro vascular disease | 1618 (15.6%) | 1904 (13.5%) |  < 0.001 | 1345 (14.9%) | 1343 (14.9%) | 0.983 |
 Chronic pulmonary disease | 3152 (30.4%) | 3239 (23.0%) |  < 0.001 | 2544 (28.2%) | 2527 (28.0%) | 0.791 |
 Cancer | 1345 (13.0%) | 2150 (15.3%) | 0.001 | 1248 (13.8%) | 1289 (14.3%) | 0.392 |
Severity scale | ||||||
 APS III | 50.0 [37.0;69.0] | 48.0 [35.0;68.0] |  < 0.001 | 50.0 [37.0;69.0] | 49.0 [35.0;68.0] | 0.007 |
 SOFA | 5.00 [3.00;8.00] | 6.00 [4.00;9.00] |  < 0.001 | 5.00 [3.00;8.00] | 6.00 [4.00;8.00] |  < 0.001 |
 OASIS | 35.0 [29.0;42.0] | 34.0 [27.0;40.0] |  < 0.001 | 35.0 [28.0;41.0] | 34.0 [28.0;40.0] |  < 0.001 |
 SAPSII | 38.0 [30.0;48.0] | 37.0 [29.0;47.0] |  < 0.001 | 38.0 [30.0;48.0] | 38.0 [30.0;47.0] | 0.140 |
Interventions | ||||||
 KRT | 784 (7.55%) | 1148 (8.15%) | 0.092 | 701 (7.78%) | 679 (7.53%) | 0.556 |
 Mechanical ventilation | 5693 (54.8%) | 8666 (61.5%) |  < 0.001 | 5105 (56.6%) | 5118 (56.8%) | 0.857 |
 Vasopressor use | 5028 (48.5%) | 7443 (52.8%) |  < 0.001 | 4457 (49.5%) | 4472 (49.6%) | 0.835 |
 Diuretic | 1776 (17.1%) | 2435 (17.3%) | 0.732 | 1555 (17.3%) | 1472 (16.3%) | 0.102 |
 Statin | 1137 (11.0%) | 1795 (12.7%) |  < 0.001 | 1020 (11.3%) | 1011 (11.2%) | 0.851 |
 ACEI/ARBs | 216 (2.08%) | 307 (2.18%) | 0.630 | 191 (2.12%) | 190 (2.11%) | 1.000 |
 Contrast | 248 (2.39%) | 308 (2.19%) | 0.313 | 210 (2.33%) | 211 (2.34%) | 1.000 |
 Vancomycin | 2342 (22.6%) | 3262 (23.2%) | 0.282 | 2083 (23.1%) | 2017 (22.4%) | 0.248 |
 Aminoglycosides | 150 (1.45%) | 223 (1.58%) | 0.414 | 133 (1.48%) | 135 (1.50%) | 0.951 |
Vital signs | ||||||
 Heart rate(beats/min) | 86.0 [76.0;98.0] | 84.0 [75.0;96.0] |  < 0.001 | 86.0 [76.0;98.0] | 84.0 [74.0;97.0] |  < 0.001 |
 RR (times/min) | 19.0 [16.0;22.0] | 18.5 [16.0;22.0] | 0.001 | 19.0 [16.0;22.0] | 19.0 [16.0;22.0] | 0.295 |
 MAP (mmHg) | 74.0 [68.0;81.0] | 74.5 [69.0;81.5] |  < 0.001 | 74.0 [68.0;81.0] | 75.0 [69.0;82.0] |  < 0.001 |
 Spo2% | 97.5 [96.0;99.0] | 97.5 [96.0;99.0] | 0.516 | 97.5 [96.0;99.0] | 97.0 [96.0;99.0] |  < 0.001 |
 Temperature(℃) | 36.8 [36.6;37.2] | 36.9 [36.6;37.2] |  < 0.001 | 36.8 [36.6;37.2] | 36.9 [36.6;37.2] |  < 0.001 |
Laboratory tests | ||||||
 BUN (mg/dL) | 19.0 [13.0;31.0] | 20.0 [14.5;33.0] |  < 0.001 | 19.0 [12.5;30.0] | 21.0 [15.0;34.0] |  < 0.001 |
 Creatinine(mg/dL) | 0.90 [0.65;1.35] | 1.10 [0.80;1.60] |  < 0.001 | 0.90 [0.65;1.35] | 1.10 [0.80;1.60] |  < 0.001 |
 Sodium(mEg/L) | 139 [136;141] | 138 [136;141] |  < 0.001 | 138 [136;141] | 138 [136;141] | 0.353 |
 Potassium(mEq/L) | 4.05 [3.75;4.45] | 4.20 [3.90;4.60] |  < 0.001 | 4.10 [3.75;4.45] | 4.20 [3.90;4.60] |  < 0.001 |
 Chloride(mEq/L) | 105 [101;108] | 105 [101;108] | 0.695 | 105 [101;108] | 105 [101;108] | 0.010 |
 PT(s) | 14.0 [12.4;16.4] | 14.2 [12.8;16.4] |  < 0.001 | 13.9 [12.4;16.3] | 14.2 [12.8;16.4] |  < 0.001 |
 APTT(s) | 30.9 [27.0;38.8] | 31.5 [27.7;38.5] |  < 0.001 | 30.6 [26.9;37.6] | 31.0 [27.4;37.0] | 0.003 |
 Platelets(k/UL) | 194 [134;266] | 171 [124;232] |  < 0.001 | 192 [132;265] | 175 [126;238] |  < 0.001 |
 WBC(k/UL) | 11.7 [8.40;15.9] | 11.8 [8.50;15.8] | 0.843 | 11.8 [8.40;15.8] | 11.8 [8.45;15.8] | 0.956 |
 Hemoglobin(g/UL) | 10.2 [9.00;11.5] | 10.8 [9.40;12.3] |  < 0.001 | 10.2 [9.00;11.5] | 10.9 [9.40;12.4] |  < 0.001 |
 Lactate(mmol/L) | 1.70 [1.20;2.60] | 1.80 [1.30;2.60] | 0.002 | 1.75 [1.20;2.60] | 1.75 [1.25;2.55] | 0.656 |
 Proteinuria(mg/dL) | 30.0 [30.0;100] | 30.0 [30.0;100] | 0.472 | 30.0 [30.0;100] | 30.0 [30.0;100] | 0.117 |
 NLR | 8.89 [4.94;15.8] | 8.49 [4.82;15.4] | 0.034 | 8.82 [4.87;15.7] | 8.92 [5.02;16.2] | 0.043 |
 Pao2/Fio2 | 228 [163;314] | 229 [164;311] | 0.875 | 228 [162;314] | 226 [161;308] | 0.060 |
 PO2(mmHg) | 118 [85.0;184] | 126 [89.0;198] |  < 0.001 | 120 [85.9;187] | 120 [86.0;186] | 0.776 |
 BE (mmol/L) | 0.00 [-3.50;1.00] | 0.00 [-3.00;1.00] | 0.189 | -0.50 [-3.50;1.00] | 0.00 [-3.00;1.00] | 0.004 |
 Bicarbonate(mmol/L) | 22.5 [20.0;25.0] | 23.0 [20.5;25.0] |  < 0.001 | 22.5 [20.0;25.0] | 23.0 [20.5;25.0] |  < 0.001 |
 SA-AKI | 5869 (56.5%) | 8221 (58.4%) | 0.005 | 5063 (56.2%) | 5207 (57.8%) | 0.031 |
AKI stage |  |  |  < 0.001 |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 KDIGO 1 | 1810 (17.4%) | 2825 (20.1%) |  | 1597 (17.7%) | 1704 (18.9%) |  |
 KDIGO 2 | 3660 (35.3%) | 5198 (36.9%) |  | 3159 (35.1%) | 3371 (37.4%) |  |
 KDIGO 3 | 2106 (20.3%) | 2519 (17.9%) |  | 1776 (19.7%) | 1647 (18.3%) |  |