From: Family planning behaviours among women with diabetes mellitus: a scoping review
Author (Year) | Proportion of women with DM using contraceptive methods | Information on methods used | Factors influencing family planning behaviours | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Individual level | Interpersonal level | Community level | Institutional level | Policy level | |||
Falsetti et al. [54] | 62% | • Types of methods55 • Dual methods usage | – | – | – | – | – |
Chuang et al. [37] | 74.20% | – | • Age (−) • Ethnicity • Marital status (−) • Education attainment ( +) • Health insurance status ( +) | – | – | – | – |
Diabetes and Pregnancy Group, [63] | 61% | Types of methods | • Knowledge of risk of congenital malformations ( +) | – | – | – | – |
Napoli et al. [61] | 89.4% | Types of methods | Characteristics of oral contraceptive user: • Younger • Slimmer • Earlier age at first intercourse • Highest living in north • Lowest living in south • Higher education | Geographic region | Service provider: • Diabetologist • Gynaecologist | – | – |
Charron-Prochownik et al. [35] | 22.60% | Types of methods | – | ||||
Shawe et al. [57] | OR 0.83 | Types of methods | Likelihood of methods based on diagnosis of diabetes and type of diabetes | – | – | – | – |
Mazaheri et al. [59] | 73% | Types of methods | – | – | – | – | – |
Vahratian et al. [51] | 61.2% | Types of methods | • BMI (−) • Age (−) • Ethnicity—non-Hispanic black ( +) • Cohabitating (−) • History of infertility treatment (−) Desired or ambivalent about pregnancy (−) | – | – | – | – |
Schwarz et al. [49] | 14% among all respondents 57% among ever sexually active | Types of methods | – | – | – | – | – |
Schwarz et al. [48] | 37.7% | • Types of methods • Effectiveness of methods • Highly effective • Moderately effective • Less effective | Age—older age—higher % intrauterine (IUD) usage | – | – | – | – |
Shawe et al. [58] | 66% (questionnaire respondents) 11 out of 16 interview participants | Types of methods | Healthcare providers factors: • Diabetes specialist felt they were unqualified to give contraception advices • Conversation about contraception not considered as part of regular consultation Choice of methods—diabetic women prefer 'natural' methods | – | – | – | – |
Manaf et al. [54] | 28.8% | Types of methods | • Age (−) • Ethnicity (x) • Employment status (x) • Education attainment ( +) • Parity ( +) • Perception on contraception ( +) • History of perinatal death (x) | – | – | Types of health facility: • Health clinics • Hospital specialist clinics | – |
Charron-Prochownik et al. (2013) [36] | 36% in control group and 64% in intervention group had at least 1 episode of unprotected sex | – | Intervention vs control | – | – | – | – |
Nojomi et al. [60] | 58.8% | Types of methods | • Types of most common methods differ after diagnosis of diabetes • Higher percentage of using withdrawal or no method: • Higher literacy parity (more in parity < 2 and > 4) | – | – | – | – |
Perritt et al. [45] | 24.6% (preconception) 77% (postpartum) | – | • Presence of medical condition • Receipt of contraceptive counselling ( +) | – | – | – | – |
DeNoble et al. [38] | 34.2% | Types of methods | • Age (−) • Socioeconomic status (x) • Total outpatient visits (−) • Cervical cancer screening ( +) • Types of medical conditions (x) | – | – | – | – |
Champaloux et al. [34] | 44% | Duration of action • Short-acting • Long-acting Irreversibile (sterilisation) | • Age (−) Presence of medical conditions | – | – | – | – |
Mekonnen et al. [65] | 53.8 | Types of methods | • Age • Income • Disease control • Having living children ( +) Contraceptive counselling receipt | – | – | – | – |
Osman et al. (2015) [64] | 67% | Types of methods | • Parity (x) • Education (x) • Emotional support (x) • Marital status ( +) | – | – | – | – |
Holmes et al. [55] | 44.4% in pre-DVD group | – | – | • Pre and post DVD intervention (x) | – | – | – |
Klingensmith et al. [43] | 4.8% | – | – | – | – | – | – |
Phillips Bell et al. [46] | 89.8% | Effectiveness of methods • Effective/highly effective • Less effective No method | Types of medical condition—and the likelihood of using more effective methods | – | – | – | – |
Sereika et al. [50] | 50% | • Types of methods | Women who are vigilant: • More likely to have preconception care earlier • More likely to use more effective family planning • More likely to report better health outcomes | – | – | – | – |
Schwarz et al. [47] | 47.8% | • Types of methods • Effectiveness of methods - weighted summary measure | • Presence of diabetes—likelihood of permanent contraception | – | – | – | – |
Hibbert et al. [62] | 75.3% | • Types of methods • Effectiveness of methods | – | – | – | – | – |
Britton et al. [25] | 71.2% | • Types of methods • Effectiveness of methods • More effective • Less effective • None | • Non-Hispanic Black Women ( +) • Education attainment ( +) • BMI (−) • Health insurance status ( +) | – | – | Access to care (+) | – |
Law et al. [52] | – | – | • Perceived likelihood of becoming pregnant • Desired family size • Perceived health risks associated with diabetes Social implications of becoming pregnant (job disruption and economic impact) | • Opinions of significant others | – | – | – |
Morris et al. [44] | 82% | • Types of methods • Reversibility of methods | • For sterilisation age (+) Education (−) Previous live births ( +) Recent unintended pregnancy ( +) Government or no health insurance ( +) Caesarean delivery ( +) • For LARC Diagnosed with diabetes ( +) Younger age < 19 yo ( +) Education ( +) Ethnicities (+ hispanic or other ethnicities) vs non-Hispanic white Previous live births ( +) Recent unintended pregnancy ( +) Government or no health insurance ( +) Caesarean delivery ( +) | – | – | – | – |
Britton et al. [33] | 56% | • Types of methods: • Procedure/ prescription methods • Non-prescription methods | • Perception Perceived benefit ( +) Perceived barriers (x) Self-efficacy (x) • Patient characteristics Age Ethnicity Religion Education Primigravida Health insurance type Type of diabetes Age at diagnosis (x) • Pregnancy planning status (x) | – | – | – | – |
Disney et al. [39] | 13% (LARC) | • Specifically on long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) usage | • Age (−) • Presence of advanced disease complication (x) • Frequency of visits (+) • Receipt of preconception and contraceptive counselling (+) | – | – | Types of service providers • Fetomaternal specialists • Obstetricians & Gynaecologists • Endocrinologists • Primary care provider | – |
Hunter-greaves et al. [66] | 60.4% | • Types of methods | • Marital status (+) • Previous adverse pregnancy outcome: Neonatal death (−) Pregnancy-induced hypertension (+) Previous ICU admission ( +) | – | – | – | – |
Leow et al. [53] | 59.8% | Effectiveness of methods based on Pearl Index | • Sociodemographic characteristics • Marital status • Pregnancy intention • Knowledge on contraceptive effectiveness | – | – | – | – |
Horwitz et al. [42] | 11.9% | Types of methods | • Age—younger group more pronounced negative relationship between diagnosis and usage • Ethnicity (x) Diagnosis of diabetes (-) | – | – | – | – |
Scott et al. [56] | 75% | • Types of methods • Efficacy of methods • Low efficacy • Moderate efficacy • High efficacy | • Pregnancy intention and efficacy of methods (28% who were not planning used low efficacy methods) | – | – | – | – |
Feutry et al. [41] | 72.1% | • Types of methods • Effectiveness of methods based on Pearl Index • Usage of contraindicated methods | • Pregnancy intention (x) • Type of diabetes (lower in T2DM) | – | – | – | – |