Fig. 4

Amifostine restores energy metabolism homeostasis. a The extracellular acidification rate was measured as a reflection of cell metabolism. Cells were pretreated with TGF-β1 for 30 min followed by treatment with amifostine for another 30 min before the assay. Glucose (Gluc), rotenone (Rot) and 2-DG were sequentially added into the medium at 20 min intervals. The medium pH value was monitored and normalized to the cell lysate protein contents. n = 5, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001. b The oxygen consumption rate was measured by sequential addition of oligomycin (Oli), carbonyl cyanide-4 (trifluromethoxy) phenylhydrazone (FCCP), and rotenone + antimycin A (Rot). n = 5, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. c Metabolites were analyzed by MS. n = 3, Data are presented as a fold-change compared to the basal control level of individual metabolites