Fig. 3

Amifostine improves mitochondrial oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. a Cells were treated with various doses of TGF-β1 and then mitochondrial oxidative stress was measured by MitoSOX. At least 10 slides were used for quantification. *p < 0.05, ****p < 0.0001. b Mitochondrial ROS quantification. ****p < 0.0001, n = 10–15. c Mitochondrial function was assessed by measuring the mitochondrial membrane potential. Images were obtained separately in the red and green channels and are presented as a merged image. Red color represents normal mitochondrial potential, while green color represents compromised mitochondrial potential. d and e Intracellular ATP levels. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001