Fig. 3

Single-cell analysis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. The potential molecular mechanisms of anti-PD-1-resistant laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) was dissected form the perspective of single cells. A The clustering stability was checked at the given resolution. B Tem/Trm cytotoxic T cells (25.37%) were identified as the predominant cell types in LSCC lesions, followed by epithelial cells (20.62%) and regulatory T cells (10.83%). C Single cells isolated from the LSCC tissue sample were also annotated using singleR, in addition to CellTypist. D Epithelial cells were highly malignant compared with the reference cells, covering T cells, B cells, CD16 (−) natural killer cells, classical monocytes, macrophages, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. E Triosephosphate isomerase 1 was widely expressed in malignant epithelial cells and immune cells