Fig. 2

Different methods are used to load various therapeutic agents into exosomes. In general, exosomes are loaded with therapeutic agents by two methods, including indirect methods and direct methods. For example, in indirect methods, cells are genetically modified or co-cultured with therapeutic agents to produce exosomes containing an optional gene or therapeutic agent. In the direct method, exosomes are isolated from cell media and then therapeutic agents are inserted into them. Direct methods may divided into passive and active methods