Fig. 1

Glutamine, glucose and glutamate are imported into the cytoplasm of a cell. Glucose is depicted to be converted primarily to lactate via aerobic glycolysis or the Warburg effect or channeled into the mitochondrion as pyruvate and converted to acetyl-CoA for oxidation. Glutamine is used for different processes, such as glutaminolysis, which involves the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and ammonia by glutaminase