Table 1 Material properties of the model

Vertebrae

 Cortical bone

E_x = 11,300; E_y = 11,30; E_z = 22,000;

G_x = 3,800; G_y = 5,400; G_z = 5,400

ν_xy = 0.484; ν_xz = 0.203;

ν_yz = 0.203

 Cancellous bone

E_x = 140; E_y = 140; E_z = 200;

G_x = 48.3; G_y = 48.3; G_z = 48.3

ν_xy = 0.45; ν_xz = 0.315;

ν_yz = 0.315

 Posterior elements

3500

0.250

Pelvis–femur

 Cortical bone

15,000

0.30

 Cancellous bone

100

0.20

Disc

14.0

13.9

 Nucleus pulposus

Hyperelastic, Mooney–Rivlin: C10 = 0.18, C01 = 0.045

 Annulus matrix

Hyperelastic, Mooney–Rivlin: C10 = 0.12, C01 = 0.03

 Fiber

Shirazi-adl's stress–strain curve

 Endplate

3000

0.25

Ligaments

 ALL

7.8(< 12.0%), 20.0(> 12.0%)

0.40

 PLL

10.0(< 11.0%), 20.0(> 11.0%)

0.30

 SSL

8.0(< 20.0%), 15.0(> 20.0%)

0.30

 ISL

10.0(< 14.0%), 11.6(> 14.0%)

0.30

 LF

15.8(< 6.2%), 19.5(> 6.2%)

0.30

 TL

10.0(< 18.0%), 58.4(> 18.0%)

0.30

 CL

7.5(< 25.0%), 32.9(> 25.0%)

0.30

 ASL

125(< 2.5%), 175(> 5%),325(> 10%),316(> 15%)

0.30

 IPSL

43(< 2.5%), 61(> 5%),113(> 10%),110(> 15%)

0.30

 OPSL

150(< 2.5%),211(> 5%),391(> 10%),381(> 15%)

0.30

 IL

40(< 2.5%), 57(> 5%),105(> 10%),102(> 15%)

0.30

 SPL

304(< 2.5%),428(> 5%),792(> 10%),771(> 15%)

0.30

 STL

326(< 2.5%),458(> 5%),848(> 10%),826(> 15%)

0.30

Implant

 Coflex

110,000

0.30

 Pedicle screw and rod

110,000

0.30